- Early Persian Empire Coinage
- Classical Period of Greek Coinage
- The Seleucids
- The Ptolemys
- Hellenistic period of Greek Coinage
- Republican Rome and the Mediterranean World 150 - 95 BC
- Roman Late Republican Coinage
- Roman Emperors: The Julian-Claudian Dynasty
- Roman Emperors: The Adoptive Emperors
- Roman Emperors: The Severan Dynasty
- Roman Emperors: The Age of Military Anarchy
- Roman Emperors: Military Recovery
- Roman Emperors: The Tetrarchy and the House of Constantine
- Roman Emperors: The House of Valentinian
- House of Theodosius and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- Chronological list of all Roman Emperors
EARLY PERSIAN EMPIRE COINAGE
| BC 536 | The edict of Cyrus, Jews began rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem |
|---|---|
| BC 529-522 | Cambyses King of Persia |
| BC 522 | Darius divides Persian Empire into 20 Satraps (provinces) |
| BC 510-486 | Darius I,The Great (Old Test.EZRA Chap6.) 253/3428/1 |
| BC 516 | Rebuilding of Temple, consecration BC 515. |
| BC 510 | Rome declared a Republic, last King,Tarquin the Proud expelled |
| BC 499 | Ionian Greeks revolt against Persian rule. |
| BC 494 | Rome:Office of Tribune created to protect rights of plebes. Ionian revolt collapses. |
| BC 490 | Darius launches attack on mainland Persia starting the Persian Wars. Persian armies defeated by Greeks at Marathon |
| BC 485 | Death of Darius I, decline of Persia comences |
| BC 485-465 | Persian king Xerxes I succeeds Darius |
| BC 483 | Rich silver strike at Mount Larium provides Athens withfunds to expand its fleet. |
| BC 480 | Persians defeated by Greeks at Salamine and Plataea (BC 479). Acropolis is destroyed by the Persians. |
Sections ListCLASSICAL PERIOD OF GREEK COINAGE
| BC 479 | Battle of Platea; end of Persian invasion of Greece. |
|---|---|
| BC 477 | Commencement of Athenian ascendency |
| BC 474 | City States, Syracuse in Sicily 229/929/2 |
| BC 464-424 | Persian king Artaxerxes |
| BC 445 | War between Athens and Sparta ends with 30 year truce. The prophet Malachi; Nehemiah rebuilds walls of Jerusalem. The Evolving Bible. A Theoretical timeline |
| BC 444-397 | Jewish revival of Judea with Nehemiah’s arrival in Jerusalem. Redaction of Torah climaxes with Ezra reading out the completed text in Temple courtyard for the first time. |
| BC 440 | Ezra (The Scribe) and Nechemia re-dedicate Second Temple |
| BC 431 | Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta begins |
| BC 425 | City States,Gela in Sicily 149/1095/3 City States, Akragas in Sicily 195/?/4 |
| BC 415 | War renewed between Athens and Sparta |
| BC 402 | End of Peloponnesian War. |
| BC 400 | City of Carthage in North Africa 159/6444/5 City of Carthage 246/6520/? City states, Syracuse in Sicily 208/1193/6 |
| BC 399 | Socrates (469-399) tried on false charges of impiety and corupting youth. Found guilty, he was put to death by drinking hemlock. |
| BC 395 | Coalition between Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos against the Spartans |
| BC 393 | City of Athens 202/2537/7 |
| BC 390 | Gauls from northern Italy capture Rome,sack city and withdraw |
| BC 385 | Plato starts teaching in Athens. |
| BC 375 | City of Carthage in North Africa 209/?/8 City of Carthage 223/6526/9 City of Kalymna 224/4982/10 |
| BC 359-362 | Philip II of Macedon 214/6698/11 |
| BC 350 | City of Kardia (Thrace) 242/1598/12 City of Gargara 239/4089/13 |
| BC 343 | Aristotle becomes tutor to young Alexander of Macedon. |
| BC 338 | Romans begin to use coins |
| BC 336 | Philip II assasinated at Aegae 189/6730 |
| BC 334-323 | Alexander III (The Great) Alexander the Great succeeds Philip II 189/6730/16 Alexander the Great 107/?/14 Alexander the Great 108/?/15 Alexander the Great 238/6739/17 |
| BC 333 | Persian Empire defeated by Alexander, all Near East comes under influence of Hellinism. |
| BC 332-63 | The Hellenistic and Hasmonean Periods in Israel |
| BC 332 | Alexander destroyed Tyre, Egypt and Jerusalem submit to Greece |
| BC 332 | Alexander the Great conquers Jerusalem. |
| BC 331 | Battle of Arbeles and the fall of the Persian empire. |
| BC 323 | Death of Alexander, period of struggle for supremacy by his Generals. Ptolemaic Dynasty begins with Ptolemy I becoming King of Egypt, the Seleukid Dynasty with Seleuchus I in Syria and Messopotamia. |
THE SELEUCIDS
Seleucids, dynasty of Macedonian kings that reigned in the Middle East from the 4th to the 1st century BC. Established when the empire of Alexander the Great was partitioned among his followers, the Seleucid kingdom originally extended eastwards from Asia Minor into what is now Pakistan. The most important Seleucid kings were Seleucus I, Antiochus I, Antiochus II, Seleucus II, Antiochus III, and Antiochus IV, whose reigns spanned the period between 312 BC and 163 BC with brief interruptions.The Seleucid kingdom had two capitals: Antioch in Syria (now Antakya, Turkey) and Seleucia on the Tigris in Mesopotamia. The Seleucids were Greeks in language and culture, and they encouraged Greek colonists to settle in their domains. Nevertheless, in their autocratic rule they followed the example of their Syrian, Mesopotamian, and Persian predecessors. Beginning with Antiochus II, they were worshipped as gods. They were frequently involved in wars with the Ptolemies, a Macedonian dynasty that had established itself in Egypt. After 250 BC the Seleucids gradually lost control of the lands east of the Euphrates River and were expelled from Asia Minor. Syria, the last remaining part of their kingdom, was annexed by Rome in 64 BC.
- Seleucus I, called Nicator (Greek, “the conqueror”) (c. 358-280 BC), king of Syria (301-280 BC). The founder of the Seleucid dynasty, he was a Macedonian general who served under Alexander the Great, and in the second partition of Alexander's empire in 321 BC was made satrap (governor) of Babylon, becoming king of Babylonia in 312 BC. In 302 BC he joined the confederacy against Macedonia and in 301, upon the defeat and death of King Antigonus I of Macedonia, obtained the largest share of the spoils, including the whole of Syria and a great part of Asia Minor. He built numerous cities, including Antioch and several named after him, including Seleucia on the Tigris, Seleucia Pieria, and Seleucia Tracheotis. He proclaimed himself king of Macedonia but was assassinated soon after.
- Seleucus II, called Callinicus (c. 265-226 BC), ruler (247-226 BC) of the Seleucid kingdom, the son of Antiochus II Theos. Seleucus II was unable to prevent Ptolemy III of Egypt from invading Syria and Mesopotamia during the Third Syrian War (246-241 BC). He allowed the Bactrians and Parthians to establish their independence in the east and lost his possessions in Asia Minor to his brother Antiochus Hierax.
THE PTOLEMYS
- Ptolemy I d. 283BC. Egyptian king (305-285BC). A Macedonian, Ptolemy was one of Alexander the Great's most successful generals. After Alexander's death (323 BC), he quarrelled with other generals (Diadochi, q.v.) over the empire's division, and became satrap of Egypt. He engaged in warfare to protect and expand his holdings. Though defeated by Demetrius in a battle at Salamis (306BC), he named himself Egypt's king and soter (savior) the following year. He established Alexandria as a centre of culture and commerce, founded its famed library, planned Egypt's government, and began the Ptolemaic dynasty. He abdicated in favour of his son (285BC).
- Ptolemy II (Philadelphus, Ptolemy II ( c308-246 BC.) Ancient Egyptian king (285-246 BC) successor to his father Ptolemy 1. He helped make Alexandria the centre of Hellenistic culture, built the city's famous museum, and commissioned the translation of the Hebrew Bible into the Greek Septuagint.
- Ptolemy III (Euergetes, Ptolemy III) d. 222? BC. Ancient Egyptian king (246-222 BC) successor to his father, Ptolemy II. He reunited Egypt and Cyrenaica, warred with Syria, and established Egyptian naval supremacy in the eastern Mediterianean.
- Ptolemy IV (Philopater, Ptolemy IV)d. 205 BC. Ancient Egyptian king (221-205 BC) successor to his father, Ptolemy III. Though he defeated the Seleucids in Syria (217BC), the loss of Syrian lands rebellions and internal began was a debauched man who rule and had many relatives murdered.
- Ptolemy V (Epiphanes, Ptolemy V, Ancient Egyptian king (205-18) his father Ptolemy IV. During his reign Levantine possessions were lost but peace was finally concluded with his marriage to Cleopatra, daughter of Syrian King Antiochus III. The Rosetta Stone concerns his accession to the throne.
- Ptolemy VI (Philometer, Ptolemy V1, Ancient Egyptian king (180-1) his father, Ptolemy V. Obliged to share power with his brother, later Ptolemy VII he helped bring about the first Intervention of Rome in Egyptian affairs.
- Ptolemy VII (Physcon, Ptolemy V11, Ancient Egyptian king (145-116?). Usurping the throne from his brother, he ruled with great cruelty, provoking revolts. He drove the scholars from Alexandria.
- Ptolemy VIII (Lathyrus, Ptolemy V111) Ancient Egyptian king (d 81 BC). Ancient Egyptian King, (116-81 BC) sucessor to his father, Ptolemy VII. He was driven (107) from the throne and returned (88) only after expelling his brother, Ptolemy IX Alexander, who’s co-rule his mother had compelled him to accept.
- Ptolemy IX (Alexander, Ptolemy I) Ancient Egyptian king (107-88 BC) With the help of his mother, he supplanted his brother, Ptolemy VIII, until finally defeated by the latter in a civil war.
- Ptolemy X d. 80 BC. Ancient Egyptian King (80 BC). He became ruler upon his marriage to the widow of his predecessor, Ptolemy VIII. He murdered her and was in turn murdered by a mob.
- Ptolemy XI d. 51 BC. Ancient Egyptian King, (80-51 BC), an illegitimate son of
- Ptolemy VIII. His misrule brought about his expulsion and he was restored only by force of Roman arms.
- Ptolemy XIII d. 44 BC. Last Macedonian King of Egypt (47-44BC). Married to his sister Cleopatra by Julius Caesar, he was murdered at her order in favour of her own son.
- Ptolemy XIV 47-30 BC. Ancient Egyptian King (44-30 BC). He was the son of Julius Caesar by Cleopatra , (daughter of Ptolemy Xl), and co-ruler with his mother until he was killed by Octavian. Following his death, Egypt became a Roman province. Judea under Egyptian rule, new Jewish colonies established.
HELLENISTIC PERIOD OF GREEK COINAGE
| BC 320 | Soter I invaded Syria and captured Jerusalem |
|---|---|
| BC 319-297 | Kassander, son of Antipator the Regent 196/6755/18 |
| BC 312-283 | Seleukos I (Nikator), Seleukid Dynasty begins 142/6852/19 |
| BC 312 | Via Appia,Rome's first highway,built. |
| BC 305-283 | Ptolemy I (Soter),close friend of Alex. 150/7765/20 |
| BC 304 | EGYPT: END OF LATE PERIOD |
| BC 301 | Bible translated into Greek (Septuagint). |
| BC 300 | City of Argos 140/?/21 City of Myrina 148/4220/22 |
| BC 294-288 | Demetrios Poliorketes,son of Antigonus 204/6774/24 |
| BC 288-277 | Interregnum period in Macedonian Dynasty 109/6781/25 City of Akragas in Sicily 210/1032/26 |
| BC 285-246 | Ptolemy II (Philadelphos) 137/7788/27 Ptolemy II 212/7774/28 Work begun on translating the Jewish Law into Greek. Appearance of the Hassidim (Pious) Onias II is High Priest |
| BC 280-261 | Antiochus I(Soter) 229/6878/29 |
| BC 277-239 | Antigonas Gonatas 205/6788/30 |
| BC 275c | Kamnaskires-Oredes III 237-5910/31 City of Syracuse 211/1218/32 Rome is undisputed ruler of Southern Italy. |
| BC 269 | Beginning of Roman Republic Coinage |
| BC 268 | First appearance of silver coinage, Denari |
| BC 264 | First record of gladiatorial combat |
| BC 264-261 | First Punic war with Carthage,Rome ultimately victors. |
| BC 261 | Antiochos II (Theos) 110/6879/33 |
| BC 260 | Outbreak of first Punic War between Rome and Carthage |
| BC 246-227 | Antiochos (Hierax) |
| BC 246-226 | Seleukos II (Kallinikos) |
| BC 246-221 | Ptolemy III (Eurgetes) 186/7817/34 |
| BC 239 | Egyptians introduce leap year into calendar |
| BC 226-223 | Seleukos III (Keraunos) 153/6929/35 |
| BC 223-187 | Antiochus II (The Great) 228/6956/36 |
| BC 222-220 | Molon (The Usurper) |
| BC 221-204 | Ptolemy IV (Philopater) 193/7843/37 |
| BC 221-179 | Philip V 197/?/39 |
| BC 220-214 | Achaios |
| BC 218-201 | Second Punic War |
| BC 218 | Hanibal of Carthage crossed the Alps |
| BC 215 | Great wall of China built |
| BC 205 | The Moneyers (tresviri monetales, the three mint officials), Wolf and Twins 169/99/40 |
| BC 204 | Ptolemy V (Epiphanes) 198/7881/41 |
| BC 200 | Inscription engraved on Rosetta Stone. The Old Testament translated into Greek (Septuaginta) |
| BC 198 | Antiochus III (The Great) took Palestine from Egypt. Judea now under Syrian rule,favoured by Antiochus Syrian Hellodore at Jerusalem, Hellenis in Judea, Rivalry between High Priests Jason, Menelaus and Lysimaque |
| BC 197 | The Moneyers, Head of Roma 104/112/42 Rome defeats Philip I of Macedon at Cyniscephalae |
| BC 195 | The Moneyers, bust of Mercury 190/110/43 |
| BC 190 | Rome crushes Antiochus the Great at Magnesia |
| BC 187-175 | Seleucus IV (Philopater) in Syria 191/6970/44 |
| BC 180-176 | Cleopatra I, Mother of Ptolemy VI 146/7903/45 |
| BC 180-145 | Ptolemy VI in Syria 145/7900/46; Ptolemy VI 234/7901/47 |
| BC 179-168 | Perseus (Last of Macedonian Dynasty) 200/6807/48 |
| BC 175-170 | Antiochos (Son of Seleukos IV) |
| BC 175-164 | Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) 188/5507/49 |
| BC 175 | Construction of earliest known Roman pavement |
| BC 169 | Temple violated by Antiochus IV on his return from Egypt. Creation of the Essene sect. Antiochus IV campaigns in Egypt. |
| BC 168 | Persecution of Jews by Antiochus IV |
| BC 167 | Hasmoneans:The Maccabees revolt to defend Jewish religion |
| BC 167-166 | The priest Mattiathias organises opposition. |
| BC 165 | After four decisive victories over the Hellinistic armies, Mattiathias's son Judah the Maccabee re-consecrates the Temple (Chanukat Beit Ha-Mikdash) |
| BC 164-162 | Antiochos V (Eupator) in Syria. |
| BC 162-150 | Demetrios I (Soter) in Syria 241/7021/50 |
| BC 162 | Timarchos |
| BC 155 | The Moneyers, Gaius Renius 106/160/51; Republican Bronze 138/149/52 |
| BC 153 | First month of Roman year changed from March to January |
| BC 154 | Macabean revolt; Rule of the Hasmonaean Kings; independence of Jews until BC 63. Alexander Balas kills Antiochus VI,becomes King of Syria |
Republican Rome and the Mediterranean World 150 - 95 BC
| BC 150c | Essene community settles in Qumran , where they remain until start of the Bar Kochba revolt 285 years later. The Biblical text written and stored there, the Dead Sea Scrolls, are the earliest surviving copies. |
|---|---|
| BC 150 | City States, Selge 141/5491/53 |
| BC 150-145 | Alexander I (Balas) |
| BC 149 | Third Punic War between Rome and Carthage. |
| BC 148-118 | King Micipsa of Numidia 136/6597/54 |
| BC 146 | Rome utterly destroys Carthage. |
| BC 145-140 | Demetrios II (Nikator) First Reign (See BC 129). |
| BC 145-122 | Antiochos VI (Dionysos) 187/708/55 |
| BC 145-116 | Ptolemy VIII (Eurgetes) 194/?/56 |
| BC 144 | Jonathan Maccabaeus murdered, suceeded by Simon the last of Mattathias's five sons. He names himself High Priest. |
| BC 142-138 | Tryphon |
| BC 141-137 | Establishment of the Hasmonean Dynasty. |
| BC 141 | Demetrios II (Nicator) |
| BC 140 | The Moneyers, Wolf suckling twins 112/Pom1/57 |
| BC 141-129 | Antiochus VII, last Seleukid King of Syria |
| BC 138-129 | Antiochus VII (Sidetes) 240/7095/58 |
| BC 135 | John Hyrcanus,High Priest,expands Judean territory and converts the Idumeans to Judaism. |
| BC 133 | Asia Minor now province of Rome, who control all the Mediterranean except Egypt |
| BC 131 | The Moneyers, L.Postumius Albinus 175/?/59 |
| BC 129-125 | Demetrios II (Nikator) Second Reign (See BC 145-140) |
| BC 128-123 | Alexander II (Zebina) |
| BC 125-121 | Cleopatra I - Antiochus VIII 152-7139/60 |
| BC 125 | Seleukos V The Moneyers, Porcia 117/Porc3/61 |
| BC 121 | Rome conquers Southern Gaul |
| BC 121- 96 | Antiochos VIII (Grypos) 177/7143/63 |
| BC 120 | Mithradetes VI (Eupator) 233/?/? |
| BC 116 | The Moneyers, M.Sergius Silus Sergia 156/1a/65 |
| BC 114 | The Moneyers, M.Amelius L Aemilia 157/Aem/66 |
| BC 113 | The Moneyers, P.Nerva, Voting in comitium 155/185/? |
| BC 113- 95 | Antiochos IX (Kyzikenos) |
**ROMAN LATE REPUBLICAN COINAGE**
| BC 106 | Pompey the Great (born) 181/302/68 |
|---|---|
| BC 105 | The Moneyers, L.Thorius Balbus 162/Thor1/69 |
| BC 103-76 | Alexander Jannaeus, King and High Priest 105/6087/70; Alexander Jannaeus 139/6089/71; Alexander Jannaeus 174/6088/72; Alexander Jannaeus (mounted as charm) 244/6089/71 |
| BC 103 | The Moneyers, Head of Mars 219/19/73 |
| BC 100 | Julius Caesar (Gaius Julio Caesar) (born). |
| BC 98-93 | Philip Philadelphos 201/7214/75 |
| BC 95-94 | Seleukos VI (Epiphanes Nikator) |
| BC 95-63 | Ariobarzanes I (Philoromaios) 221/7302/76 |
| BC 95-98 | Demetrios III (Philopator) |
| BC 93 | Philip (Philadelphos) |
| BC 93 | Antiochos XI (Epiphanes Philadelphos) |
| BC 92 | City of Antiocheia in Syria 199/5853/77 |
| BC 90 | Civil war in Rome between Marius and Sulla. Marius driven out. The Moneyers, C.Vibeus C F Pansa 135/2/78 |
| BC 88 | The Moneyers, Lucius Titurius Sabinus 116/222/79; The Moneyers, CN Lentulus Clodanius 121/50a/80 |
| BC 88-84 | Antiochos XII (Dionysos). Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix) gains Consulship of Rome. |
| BC 87 | Sulla deprived of his command by the Tribune Sulpicius, supported by his troops but not by his officers, marched on Rome and took the city by force. |
| BC 83-69 | Tigranes II of Armenia. |
| BC 83 | The Moneyers, C.Norbanus 154/Norb2/81 |
| BC 81 | Sulla elected Dictator. |
| BC 79 | The Moneyers, L.Papius 158/Pap1/83; The Moneyers, Ti Claudius, serrated edge 131/6/82. The Colisseum dedicated. |
| BC 73-71 | Revolt of Slaves under Spartacus. |
| BC 69-64 | Antiochos XIII (Asiatikos) - END OF SELEUKID DYNASTY. |
| BC 64 | The Moneyers, L.Roscius Fabatus 173/3/84. |
| BC 63-12 | Agrippa (Close friend of Augustus) 040/456/85; Agrippa, Crocodile chained to tree 206/455/86. |
| BC 63-324 AD | THE ROMAN PERIOD IN ISRAEL. |
| BC 63 | Roman General Pompey enters Israel to settle a civil war between the last of the Hasmonean princes and uses the occasion to annexe it as a Roman province. Pompey captures Jerusalem 181/302/? Judea now under Roman rule,Caesar confers privileges on Jews. Cicero becomes Consul in Rome. |
| BC 60 | Caesar returns from Spain, elected Consul 072/309/?. First Triumvirate:Pompey,Caesar and Crassus. |
| BC 58-51 | Caesar campaigning in Gaul. |
| BC 54 | Caesar invaded Britain for second time. |
| BC 49 | Caesar crossed the Rubicon, the limit of his command, in defiance of the Roman Senate, precipitating the civil war. Pompey defeated by Caesar. |
| BC 48 | Pompey murdered in Egypt. Herod Governor of Galilee. The Moneyers, Albinus Brutt 120/Pos10/87. |
| BC 48 | Caesar meets Cleopatra in Egypt. |
| BC 46 | Adoption of Julian calendar of 365 days and leap year. Caesar appointed Dictator for 10 years. The Moneyers, Titus Carisius 103/Car2/88. |
| BC 44 | Caesar assasinated on the Ides of March (15th). Mark Antony takes command in Rome. |
| BC 43 | Octavian (Gaius Octavius), Caesar's heir, is elected Consul and forms the Second Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus. |
| BC 42 | Second Triumvirate defeats Caesar's assassins at Philippi. Mark Antony becomes leader of Asia. |
| BC 41 | Mark Antony meets Cleopatra in Egypt. |
| BC 40c | C.Cassius Longinus (one of the assassins of Julius Caesar) 161/323/89. |
| BC 40 | Mark Antony appoints Herod King of Judaea. |
| BC 39 | Herod the Great appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate. |
| BC 38 | Nero Claudius Drufus (Father of Claudius) 096/493/90. |
| BC 38 | Livia, wife of Octavian 243/446/91. |
| BC 37-4 | Herod, Prefect of Galilee, captures Jerusalem becomes King of Judea. |
| BC 34 | Oldest known computer constructed in bronze. Recovered in AD 1953. |
| BC 33 | Mark Antony 065/346/92. |
| BC 31 | Roman fleets commanded by Mark antony defeated by Octavian at Actium, Egypt now Roman province. |
| BC 30 | EGYPT: END OF PTOLEMAIC PERIOD with suicide of Cleopatra. |
| BC 30-AD 9c | Rabbi Hillel flourished. |
*ROMAN EMPERORS: THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY *
| BC 27- AD14 | On 16 January Octavian received the title Augustus from the Senate, becoming first Emperor of Rome. Amongst many honours conferred upon him, the month Sextilis was henceforth called Augustus (August) 029/?/93; Augustus 046/425/94; Augustus 082/419/95. |
|---|---|
| BC 25 | Herod rebuilds Samaria. |
| BC 20 | Claudius, Drufus, and Antonia 168/490?/96. |
| BC 19 | Expansion of Temple Mount,renovation of Temple by Herod; Kingdom divided into Tetrarchies. In Judea and Samaria Archelus (etnarch),in Galilee, Herod Antipas and in the North East, Philip (tetrarch). |
| BC 15 | Germanicus (adopted name Germanicus Julio Caesar, before adoption was Nero Claudius Germanicus), father of Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus) 102/500/97. |
| BC 4 | Jesus born at Bethlehem (Probably correct date). Death of Herod. His kingdom divided among his three sons, one of whom, Archelaus, ruled in Jerusalem. |
| AD 6-9 | Coponius, Procurator under Augustus 226/5606/98. |
| AD 14-37 | Tiberius (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus) 075/474/99. |
| AD 18-36 | Caiphus High Priest, nationalist revival by the Jews. First resistance; sect of the Zealots. Lysanias, tetrarch of Damas. |
| AD 26-36 | Pontius Pilate, Procurator of Judea provokes discontent with his policies. |
| AD 27 | Pantheon built in Rome by Agrippa. |
| AD 28 | Jesus baptised and starts public speaking. |
| AD 30 | Death of Jesus. |
| AD 33 | Christianity begins to spread in Samaria and Antioch. |
| AD 35 | Conversion of St.Paul on the road to Damascus. |
| AD 37-100c | Flavius Josephus, Jewish soldier, historian, author of 'The History of the Jewish Wars' which covers the revolts by the Jews in AD 66-70. |
| AD 37-44 | Agrippa I,Grandson of Herod the Great 178/mes88/101. |
| AD 37-41 | Gaius (Caligula), the third son of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder 101/521/100. |
| AD 40-51 | Gotarzez II, King of Parthia 179/?/102. |
| AD 41-44 | Herod Agrippa, King of all Judea, becomes Jewish and re-unites the tetrarchies. |
| AD 41-54 | Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus) 022/537/103; Claudius 017/539/104; Claudius 232/500/105. |
| AD 43 | Conquest of Britain by Rome begins. |
| AD 50c | King Mega Soter 203/?/106. |
| AD 52-60 | Antonius Felix (Procurator under Nero) 207/5627/107; Antonius Felix 222/5626/108. |
| AD 54-68 | Nero (born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, after adoption by Claudius he was named Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus) 014/?/109. |
| AD 55 | City of Antioch 147/5187/110. |
| AD 64 | Fire of Rome. Persecution of Christians by Nero. |
| AD 66 | Jewish rising against Rome,great war of extermination. |
| AD 67-68 | New revolt against the Romans. |
| AD 68 | Clodius Macer. |
| AD 68-69 | Second Revolt in Judaea (3rd Year) 185/k76/112. |
| AD 69 | ROMAN EMPERORS - THE YEAR OF THE FOUR EMPERORS: Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian. |
| AD 68-69 | Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba), succeeded Nero, but the troops of the Rhine revolted against him under Vittellus, and he was killed on 15 January 69 BC. 083/623/111. |
| AD 69 | Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho), self-declared Emperor from January to October 69BC. 230/647/114. |
| AD 69 | Vitellius (Vitellius Aulus), Emperor April to December 69BC 126/654/113 |
| AD 69-79 | Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) 064/?/115; Vespasian 073/677/116. Before the fall of Jerusalem the Sage Yochanan Ben-Zakkai is allowed by Vespasian to move with his disciples to Yavne which then becomes the seat of the Sanhedrin or the Jewish High Court. |
| AD 70 | Jerusalem besieged and taken by Titus, son of Vespasian. Second Temple destroyed in August. |
| AD 70-134 | After Romans destroy the Second Temple, Rabbinical Sanhedrin moves to Yavneh, staying there until the start of the Bar Kochba revolt. The Jewish Biblical canon was arranged and finalised there. |
| AD 72 | Vespasian began building of Colosseum in Rome. |
| AD 73 | Masada falls to Roman General Silva; Jewish population scattered in Galilee and coastal areas. |
| AD 79 | Mount Vesuvius erupts buries Pompei and Herculaneum. Julia Titi, daughter of Titus 180/770/117. |
| AD 79-81 | Titus 066/747/118; Titus 184/744/119; Titus (FORGERY) 245/?/246. |
| AD 81-96 | Domitian 055/813/120; Domitian 182/444/121; Domitian 215/811/122. |
| AD 82 | Arch of Titus built in Rome commemorating Titus's victory over the Jews. |
| AD 84 | Construction began of Roman baths at Bath in Somerset. |
* ROMAN EMPERORS: THE ADOPTIVE EMPERORS *
| AD 96- 98 | Nerva 100/849/123. |
|---|---|
| AD 98-117 | Trajan 023/922/124; Trajan 093/911/125; Trajan 143/1078/126. |
| AD 106 | Trajan destroys the desert civilisation of the Nabateans in the Negev and Transjordan, creating province of Arabia. |
| AD 114 | Trajan's Column erected in Rome. |
| AD 116 | Revolt against Rome by Jews outside Israel crushed by Trajan's General Quietus. |
| AD 117-138 | Hadrian 053/1019/128; Sabina, wife of Hadrian 089/?/127. |
| AD 120 | Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus publishes his De vita caesarum (Lives of the Caesars). |
| AD 122 | Hadrian visited Britain. |
| AD 132-135 | Bar Kochba revolt; Jerusalem renamed Aelia Capitolina by Hadrian and forbidden to Jews. Judea becomes Palestine. Galilee becomes centre of Jewish life and learning. |
| AD 136 | Aelius, adopted son of Hadrian 133/1117/129. |
| AD 138-161 | Antoninus Pius 039/1186/130. |
| AD 138-141 | Faustina Senior, wife of Antoninus Pius 081/1267/131. |
| AD 161 | Erection of Acropolis in Athens. |
| AD 161-180 | Marcus Aurelius 024/1349/134; Faustina Junior, wife of Marcus Aurelius 015/1416/133. |
| AD 161-169 | Lucius Verus Co-Emp with Marcus Aurelius 101/1454/132. |
| AD 177-192 | Commodus 057/1508/136. |
| AD 177 | Crispina, wife of Commodus 095/1592/135. |
| AD 182 | Lucilla, wife of Lucius Verus 097/1485/137. |
| AD 193 | Pertinax. |
| AD 193 | Didius Julianus. |
| AD 193-194 | Pescennius Niger. |
* ROMAN EMPERORS: THE SEVERAN DYNASTY *
| AD 193-211 | Septimius Severus 068/1682/139; Julia Domna,wife of Septimus Severus 087/1750/138. |
|---|---|
| AD 195-197 | Clodius Albinus. |
| AD 198-217 | Caracalla (Septimius Bassianus) 088/1790/140. |
| AD 200 | Judah HaNasi compiles the Mishna. |
| AD 202 | Plautilla, wife of Caracalla 183/1895/141. |
| AD 209-212 | Geta, Co-Emperor with his brother Caracalla 069/1917/142. |
| AD 212-216 | Baths of Caracalla constructed in Rome. |
| AD 212 | Roman citizenship extended to all freemen within the Roman Empire. |
| AD 217-218 | Macrinus 123/?/143. |
| AD 217 | Diadumenian, Co-Emperor with his father Macrinus. |
| AD 218-222 | Elagabalus 067/2003/144. |
| AD 218-224 | Julia Maesa, sister of Julia Domna 134/2083/145. |
| AD 219 | Julia Paula, wife of Elagabalus 213/2049/146. |
| AD 222-235 | Severus Alexander 056/2160/148. |
| AD 222 | Julia Soaemis, sister of Julia Domna 217/2070/147. |
| AD 235-238 | Maximinus I (Thrax) 151/2253/151. |
| AD 235 | Julia Mamaea 111/2206/149. |
| AD 235-238 | Maximus Caesar,son of Maximinus I 078/2277/150. |
* ROMAN EMPERORS: THE AGE OF MILITARY ANARCHY *
| AD 238 | Gordian I (Africanus). |
|---|---|
| AD 238 | Gordian II. |
| AD 238 | Balbinus. |
| AD 238 | Pupienus. |
| AD 238-244 | *Gordian III 047/?/152; Gordian III 079/2397/153. |
| AD 244-249 | Philip I (The Arab) 054/2475/154; Philip I 144/2512/155. |
| AD 247 | Philip II, Co-Emperor with his father Philip I 011/2571/156; Otacilla Severa, wife of Philip I 098/2542/157. |
| AD 248 | Pacatian. |
| AD 248 | Jotapian. |
| AD 249-251 | Trajan Decius 085/2612/158; Herrenia Etruscilla, wife of Trajan Decius 129/2636/159. |
| AD 251 | Herennius Etruscus, Co-Emperor with father Trajan 160/2640/160. |
| AD 251 | Hostilian 218/2659/161. |
| AD 251-253 | Trebonianus Gallus 071/2681/162. |
| AD 251-253 | Volusian 115/2731/163. |
| AD 252 | Rome's European provinces invaded by Goths and others. |
| AD 253 | Aemilian. |
| AD 253-254 | Uranius Antoninus. |
| AD 253-260 | Valerian 043/2782/165. |
| AD 253-255 | Valerian II, eldest son of Gallienus 132/2971/164. |
| AD 253-268 | Gallienus 016/2892/167; Gallienus 018/2859/168; Salonina, wife of Gallienus 035/2947/169. |
| AD 253-260 | Mariniana,wife of Valerian 165/2829/166. |
| AD 259 | Saloninus, youngest son of Gallienus 077/2980/170. |
* ROMAN EMPERORS: MILITARY RECOVERY *
| AD 259 | Postumus (Gallic Empire) 038/3010/172. |
|---|---|
| AD 260 | Macrianus. |
| AD 260-261 | Quietus 236/2998/171. |
| AD 260 | Regalianus. |
| AD 267 | Xenobia (The Palmyrene Empire). |
| AD 268-270 | Claudius II (Gothicus) 033/3127/174. |
| AD 268 | Laelianus (Gallic Empire). |
| AD 268 | Marius (Gallic Empire). |
| AD 269 | Victorinus(Gallic Empire) 032/3070/173. |
| AD 270-275 | Aurelian 052/3158/181. |
| AD 270 | Quintillus 062/?/175; Quintillus 084/3145/176; Severina, wife of Aurelian 119/3185/177 New wall built round Rome by Aurelian against barbarians. |
| AD 270-273 | Tetricus I (Gallic Empire) 010/3080/178; Tetricus I (Gallic Empire 004/3078/180. |
| AD 270 | Tetricus II (Gallic Empire) 094/3090/179. |
| AD 270 | Domitianus (Gallic Empire). |
| AD 271-272 | Vabalathus, Atheodorus (Palmyrene Empire) 009/3193/182. |
| AD 275-276 | Tacitus 034/3205/183. |
| AD 276 | Florianus 220/3226/184. |
| AD 276-282 | Probus 012/3250/185; Probus 013/3256/186. |
| AD 280 | Saturninus. |
| AD 282-283 | Carus 058/4776/187. |
| AD 283-285 | Carinus 059/3883/189. |
| AD 283 | Numerian, Co-Emperor with his brother Carinus 086/3333/188. |
| AD 284 | Julian. |
| AD 286-293 | Romano-British coinage: Carausius 113/3467/193; Carausius 127/3473/194. |
| AD 293-296 | Allectus 124/?/195. |
* ROMAN EMPERORS: THE TETRARCHY AND THE HOUSE OF CONSTANTINE
| AD 284-305 | Diocletian 005/3433/190. |
|---|---|
| AD 286-305 | Maximianus, Co-Emperor with Diocletian 050/3540/191; Maximianus 061/3531/192. |
| AD 290 | Amphitheatre at Verona constructed. |
| AD 296-297 | Domitius Domitianus. |
| AD 303 | Intense persecution of Christians by Diocletian. |
| AD 305-306 | Constantius I (Chlorus) 092/3571/196. |
| AD 305-311 | Galerius Maximianus 091/3618/197; Galeria Valeria, wife of Galerius 164/3630/198; Galeria Valeria 176/3630/199. |
| AD 306-307 | Severus II 170/3647/200. |
| AD 306-312 | Maxentius 006/3676/201. |
| AD 306-337 | Constantine I (The Great) 020/?/202; Constantine I 042/3762/205; Constantine I 002/3762/205; Constantine I 003/3778/203; Constantine I 036/3798/213; Constantine I 037/3790/214. |
| AD 307-326 | Fausta, wife of Constantine I 163/3805/206. |
| AD 308-324 | Licinius I 007/3704/207; Licinius I 041/3708/208. |
| AD 309-313 | Maximinus II 070/3658/209. |
| AD 311 | Alexander. |
| AD 312 | Constantine defeated and killed Maxentius at battle of Milvian Bridge (Saxa Rubra), near Rome. Becomes sole Emperor of Rome, East and West |
| AD 313 | Constantine grants toleration of Christianity, eventually becoming Christian himself. |
| AD 314 | Valens (Note different Valens AD 364). |
| AD 317-324 | Licinius II 166/3715/210. |
| AD 317-326 | Crispus, eldest son of Constantine 021/3817/211. |
| AD 324 | Martinian Talmudic period; Onkelos translates bible into Aramaic in Babylonia. |
| AD 325 | Helena, wife of Constantius, mother of Constantine I 118/3808/212. |
| AD 326 | Helena comes to Holy Land and establishes churches. |
| AD 328 | Byzantine Conquest. |
| AD 330 | Constantinople now new capital of the Roman Empire. Beginning of the Byzantium Period, endured until 1452. |
| AD 335-337 | Delmatius 122/3831/215. |
| AD 337-340 | Constantine II 031/3851/216. |
| AD 337-350 | Constans 051/3870/218. |
| AD 337-361 | Constantius II 045/3900/219. |
| AD 337-340 | Theodora, 2nd wife of Constantius Chlorus 130/3811/217. |
| AD 350-353 | Magnentius 028/3921/226. |
| AD 350 | Vetranio. |
| AD 350 | Nepotian. |
| AD 351-353 | Decentius, son of Magnentius 044/3934/221. |
| AD 351-354 | Constantius Gallus 019/3954/222. |
| AD 360 | Scrolls began to be replaced with books. |
| AD 360-363 | Julian II 080/3963/223. |
| AD 363-364 | Jovian 063/3986/224. |
* ROMAN EMPERORS: THE HOUSE OF VALENTINIAN *
| AD 364-375 | Valentinian I 216/4002/225. |
|---|---|
| AD 364 | Valens, brother of Val I (Not Val of AD314) 008/4017/226; Valens 114/4013/227; Valens 125/4018/228. |
| AD 365-366 | Procopius. |
| AD 367-383 | Gratian 026/4039/230; Gratian 025/4038/229; Gratian 048/4041/231. |
| AD 375-392 | Valentinian II 216/4002/232; Valentinian II 030/4067/232; Valentinian II 049/4058/233; Valentinian II 074/4063/234. |
| AD 375 | Barbarous Radiate 128/?/235; Barbarous Radiate 167/?/236. |
* THE THEODOSIAN DYNASTY*
| AD 379-395 | Theodosius I (The Great) 027/4081/238. |
|---|---|
| AD 379 | Aellia Flacilla, wife of Theodosius 099/4093/237. |
| AD 383-388 | Magnus Maximus 076/4103/239. |
| AD 383-408 | Arcadius 060/4133/240. |
| AD 387-38 | Flavius Victor. |
| AD 392-394 | Eugenius 172/4118/241. |
| AD 393-423 | Honorius 090/?/242. |
| AD 395-404 | Eudoxia,wife of Arcadius 171/4141/243. |
| AD 395 | Roman Empire permanently divided into two halves, East and West. Eastern Empire lasted until 1452 |
| AD 400 | Final codification of the "Jerusalem" Talmud, actually written mostly in Tiberias. |
| AD 410 | Alaric, King of the Visigoths, captures and sacks Rome. |
| AD 419 | Visigoths found kingdom within Gaul. |
| AD 429 | Visigoths found kingdom in Africa. |
| AD 452 | Atilla the Hun threatens to sack Rome but is dissuaded by Pope Leo I. |
| AD 455 | The Vandals sack Rome. |
| AD 476 | Odoacer, a Germanic chieftan, deposes the last Western Emperor of Rome concluding the fall of the Roman Western Empire. |
| AD 527-565 | Emperor Justinian responsible for building many churches during his reign, amongst them the Church of the Nativity in Jerusalem. |
| AD 614 | Persian invasion results in destruction of many churches. |
| AD 622 | Mohammed's "flight" from Mecca to Medina in Arabia. Beginning of Islamic religion. |
| AD 628 | Defeat of the Persians and restoration of Byzantine rule in Israel. |
| AD 632 | Death of Mohammed. Arab Enpire now headed by a Caliph. |
| AD 636 | Arab invasion of Israel. |
| AD 638 | Arab Moslem conquest of Jerusalem by Caliph Omar; limited Jewish settlement in Jerusalem. |
| AD 650 | Mosque of Omar built on site of Solomon's Temple. |
| AD 691 | Caliph Abd-el-Malik builds Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. |
| AD 775c | Israel ruled by Baghdad based Abbasids. |
| AD 768 | Charlemagne becomes King of the Franks. |
| AD 800 | Charlemagne crowned Emperor. |
| AD 962 | Otto the Great crowned Emperor in Germany. |
| AD 969 | Israel ruled by Egyptian Fatimids. |
| AD 980 | Anonymous Bronze (Byzantine) 225/?/244. |
ROMAN EMPERORS 31 BC - AD 476
| 1 | BC 31-AD 14 | Augustus |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | 14-37 | Tiberius |
| 3 | 37-41 | Caligula |
| 4 | 41-54 | Claudius |
| 5 | 54-68 | Nero |
| 6 | 69 | Galba |
| 7 | 69 | Otho |
| 8 | 69 | Vitellius |
| 9 | 69-79 | Vespasian |
| 10 | 79-81 | Titus |
| 11 | 81-96 | Domitian |
| 12 | 96-98 | Nerva |
| 13 | 98-117 | Trajan |
| 14 | 117-138 | Hadrian |
| 15 | 138-161 | Antoninus Pius |
| 16 | 161-180 | Marcus Aurelius Joint Emp. with 17 |
| 17 | 161-169 | Verus Joint Emp. with 16 |
| 18 | 180-192 | Commodus |
| 19 | 193-(87 days) | Pertinax |
| 20 | 193- | Didius Julianus |
| 21 | 193-211 | Septimius Severus |
| 21e | 193-194 | Pescennius Niger Rival emp. in the East |
| 21w | 195-197 | Clodius Albinus Rival emp. in the West |
| 22 | 211-217 | Caracalla Joint Emp. with 23 |
| 23 | 211 | Geta Joint Emp. with 22 |
| 24 | 217-218 | Macrinus |
| 25 | 218-222 | Elagabalus |
| 26 | 222-235 | Severus Alexander |
| 27 | 235-238 | Maximinus I |
| 28 | 238 | Gordian I Joint Emp. with son, 29 |
| 29 | 238 | Gordian II Joint Emp. with 28 |
| 30 | 238 | Balbinus |
| 31 | 238 | Pupienus Joint emp with 30 |
| 32 | 238-244 | Gordian III |
| 33 | 244-249 | Philip I |
| 34 | 249-251 | Trajanus Decius |
| 35 | 251-253 | Trebonianus Gallus |
| 36 | 253 | Aemilian |
| 37 | 253-260 | Valerian Joint emp. with 38 |
| 38 | 253-268 | Gallienus Joint emp. with 37 |
| 38w | 260-268 | Postumus Rival Emp., ruler of the Gallo-Roman state. |
| 39 | 268-270 | Claudius II Gothicus |
| 40 | 270 | Quintillus |
| 41 | 270-275 | Aurelian |
| 42 | 275-276 | Tacitus |
| 43 | 276 | Florian |
| 44 | 276-282 | Probus |
| 45 | 282-283 | Carus |
| 46 | 283-285 | Carinus Joint emp. with 47 |
| 47 | 283-284 | Numerian Joint emp. with 46 |
| 48 | 284-305 | Diocletian Joint emp. with 49 |
| 49 | 286-305 | Maximian Joint emp. with 48 |
| 49 | 307-308 | Maximian Abdicated with 48, but re-elected |
| 50 | 286/7-293 | Carausius Breakaway emp. in Britain and northern Gaul |
| 51 | 305-306 | Constantius I Chlorus Joint emp. with 52 |
| 52 | 305-311 | Galerius Joint emp. with 51/53 |
| 53 | 306-307 | Severus II Joint emp. with 52 |
| 306-312 | Maxentius Breakaway emperor | |
| 54 | 306-337 | Constantine the Great Joint emp. with 55/56 |
| 55 | 308-324 | Licinius Joint emp. with 54 |
| 56 | 310-313 | Maximinus Daia Joint emp. with 54 |
| 57 | 337-340 | Constantine II Joint emp. with 58/59 |
| 58 | 337-340 | Constantius II Joint emp. with 57/58 |
| 59 | 337-350 | Constans I Joint emp. with 57/58 |
| 60 | 337-361 | Constantius II |
| 350-353 | Magnentius Breakaway emp. in the West. | |
| 61 | 361-363 | Julian the Apostate. A truly great Emperor, he renounced Christianity in favour of the old Roman gods. His untimely death, campaigning against the Persians, changed the course of history in the West. |
| 62 | 363-364 | Jovian, a total nonentity and completely unfit to rule, restored Christianity as the state religion. |
| 63 | 364-375 | Valentinian I Joint emp. with 64 |
| 64 | 364-378 | Valens (East) Joint emp. with 63 |
| 65 | 367-383 | Gratian Joint emp. with 66/67 (Gratian and ValentinianII were brothers |
| 66 | 375-392 | Valentinian II Joint emp. with 65/67. Valentinian II, a youth, was almost totally controlled by the Frankish barbarian Abrogast, he was probably murdered by him. |
| 67 | 379-395 | Theodosius I the Great East, then whole Empire; initially joint emp. with 65/66. He died unexpectedly in the prime of his life aged 49. After his death the Roman Empire was finally split into East and West. |
| 383-388 | Maximus Rival emp. in the West. Defeated by Theodosius I. | |
| 395 | Eugenius Rival emp. in the West. Succeded Valentinian II, made Emperor by Abrogast who totally controlled him. He was the last Emperor who tried to restore the heathen gods at the genuine request of the Roman Senate. Defeated by Theodosius I. His defeat dealt a death blow to the pagan cause in Rome. | |
| 68 | 395-423 | Arcadius East - Joint emp. with 69 |
| 69 | 395-423 | Honorius Joint emp. with 67 |
| 407-411 | Constantine III Rival emp. in the West | |
| 70 | 408-450 | Theodosius II East |
| 71 | 421 | Constantius III Joint emp. in the West |
| 72 | 423-425 | Johannes West |
| 73 | 425-455 | Valentinian III |
| 74 | 450-457 | Marcian Emperor in the East |
| 75 | 455 | Petronius Maximus Emperor in the West |
| 76 | 457-474 | Avitus Emperor in the West |
| 77 | 455-456 | Leo I the Great Emperor in the East |
| 78 | 457-461 | Majorian Emperor in the West |
| 79 | 461-465 | Libius Severus Emperor in the West |
| 80 | 467-472 | Anthemius Emperor in the West |
| 81 | 472 | Olybrius Emperor in the West |
| 82 | 473-474 | Glycerius Emperor in the West |
| 83 | 474-475 | Julius Nepos Emperor in the West |
| 84 | 474-475 | Zeno Emperor in the East |
| 475-476 | Basilicus Rival emp. in the East | |
| 84 | 476-499 | Zeno Regained his throne |
| 85 | 475-476 | Romulus 'Augustulus' Compelled to abdicate by Odoacer, he was the last Roman Emperor in the West. |